Accessibility Controls - access.cpl
Add Hardware Wizard - hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs - appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools - control admintools
Automatic Updates - wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard - fsquirt
Calculator - calc
Certificate Manager - certmgr.msc
Character Map - charmap
Check Disk Utility - chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer - clipbrd
Command Prompt - cmd
Component Services - dcomcnfg
Computer Management - compmgmt.msc
Date and Time Properties - timedate.cpl
DDE Shares - ddeshare
Device Manager - devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)* - directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter - dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility - cleanmgr
Disk Defragment - dfrg.msc
Disk Management - diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager - diskpart
Display Properties - control desktop
Display Properties - desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected) - control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility - drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility - verifier
Event Viewer - eventvwr.msc
File Signature Verification Tool - sigverif
Findfast - findfast.cpl
Folders Properties - control folders
Fonts - control fonts
Fonts Folder - fonts
Free Cell Card Game - freecell
Game Controllers - joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof) - gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game - mshearts
Iexpress Wizard - iexpress
Indexing Service - ciadv.msc
Internet Properties - inetcpl.cpl
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) - ipconfig /all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents) - ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents) - ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections) - ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections) - ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re - Registers DNS) - ipconfig /registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID) - ipconfig /showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID) - ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (If Installed) - jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (If Installed) - javaws
Keyboard Properties - control keyboard
Local Security Settings - secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups - lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows - logoff
Microsoft Chat - winchat
Minesweeper Game - winmine
Mouse Properties - control mouse
Mouse Properties - main.cpl
Network Connections - control netconnections
Network Connections - ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cpl
Notepad - notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed) - nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager - packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator - odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard - osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) - ac3filter.cpl
Password Properties - password.cpl
Performance Monitor - perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor - perfmon
Phone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl
Power Configuration - powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes - control printers
Printers Folder - printers
Private Character Editor - eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed) - QuickTime.cpl
Regional Settings - intl.cpl
Registry Editor - regedit
Registry Editor - regedit32
Remote Desktop - mstsc
Removable Storage - ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests - ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) - rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras - sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks - control schedtasks
Security Center - wscui.cpl
Services - services.msc
Shared Folders - fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows - shutdown
Sounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game - spider
SQL Client Configuration - cliconfg
System Configuration Editor - sysedit
System Configuration Utility - msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately) - sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot) - sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) - sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting) - sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache) - sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x) - sfc /cachesize=x
System Properties - sysdm.cpl
Task Manager - taskmgr
Telnet Client - telnet
User Account Management - nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager - utilman
Windows Firewall - firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier - magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure - wmimgmt.msc
Windows System Security Tool - syskey
Windows Update Launches - wupdmgr
Windows XP Tour Wizard - tourstart
Wordpad - write
Wednesday, November 22, 2006
Wednesday, November 15, 2006
internet security
Internet security consists of privacy over the media of the Internet: the ability to control what information one reveals about oneself over the Internet, and to control who can access that information. Many people use the term to mean universal Internet privacy: every user of the Internet possessing Internet privacy.
Internet privacy forms a subset of computer privacy. Experts in the field of Internet privacy have a consensus that Internet privacy does not really exist. Privacy advocates believe that it should exist.
Risks to Internet privacy
Those concerned about Internet privacy often cite a number of privacy risks — events that can compromise privacy — which one may encounter through Internet use. Unfortunately, given the complexity of Internet privacy, many people do not understand the issues. Therefore this section covers not only "real" privacy risks, but also risks perceived as overemphasized.
Cookies
See main article, HTTP cookie
Cookies have become perhaps the most widely-recognized privacy risk, receiving a great deal of attention. Although HTML-writers most commonly use cookies for legitimate, desirable purposes, cases of abuse can and do occur.
An HTTP cookie consists of a piece of information stored on a user's computer to add statefulness to web-browsing. Systems do not generally make the user explicitly aware of the storing of a cookie. (Although some users object to that, it does not properly relate to Internet privacy, although it does have implications for computer privacy, and specifically for computer forensics).
The original developers of cookies intended that only the website that originally sent them would retrieve them, therefore giving back only data already possessed by the website. However, in actual practice programmers can circumvent this intended restriction. Possible consequences include:
the possible placing of a personally-identifiable tag in a browser to facilitate web profiling (see below), or,
possible use in some circumstances of cross-site scripting or of other techniques to steal information from a user's cookies.
Many users choose to disable cookies in their web browsers. This eliminates the potential privacy risks, but may severely limit or prevent the functionality of many websites. All significant web browsers have this disabling ability built-in, with no external program required. As an alternative, users may frequently delete any stored cookies. Some browsers (for example, Mozilla Firefox) have an option to have the system clear cookies automatically whenever the user closes the browser. A third option involves allowing cookies in general, but preventing their abuse. There are also a host of wrapper application that will redirect cookies and cache data to some other location. The Private Internet Browsing feature found in the CryptoStick Software Suite redirects all Internet Explorer information to a USB flash memory device. This prevents the storing of browsing information on the actual computer: the information goes off-system when the user removes the USB flash memory device from the computer.
Browsing profiles
The process of profiling (also known as "tracking") assembles and analyses several events, each attributable to a single originating entity, in order to gain information (especially patterns of activity) relating to the originating entity. On the Internet, certain organizations employ profiling of people's web browsing, collecting the URLs of sites visited. The resulting profiles may or may not link with information that personally identifies the people who did the browsing.
Some web-oriented marketing-research organizations may use this practice legitimately, for example: in order to construct profiles of 'typical Internet users'. Such profiles, which describe average trends of large groups of Internet users rather than of actual individuals, can then prove useful for market analysis. Although the aggregate data does not constitute a privacy violation, some people believe that the initial profiling does.
Profiling becomes a more contentious privacy issue, on the other hand, when data-matching associates the profile of an individual with personally-identifiable information of the individual.
Governments and organizations may set up honeypot websites - featuring controversial topics - with the purpose of attracting and tracking unwary people. This constitutes a potential danger for individuals.
IP addresses
Every device on the Internet (including each online computer) has an IP address, an identifying numeric code used to route data. The Internet Service Provider (ISP) through which the device connects may assign this address semi-permanently (for example, for the duration of the lifetime of an account) or temporarily (many dial-up connections, for example, get assigned new IP addresses each time they connect).
Every packet (piece of data) moving through the Internet gets tagged with the IP addresses of its source and of its intended destination. The proper working of the Internet depends on such routing information. Consequently, any direct connection between two devices on the Internet (such as when a personal computer reads a website) reveals both IP addresses to both parties.
An IP address sometimes becomes a personally-identifiable datum, and therefore potentially subject to privacy concerns. An IP address identifies its user's ISP, and often identifies its user's (or the ISP's) nation, region/province/state, and sometimes even city. The amount of information deducible from an IP address depends on the ISP's policies. See also: DNS, whois.
Any web site can track the movements of users through its pages by their IP addresses. This can serve for profiling within a single site.
An IP address provides the minimum amount of information needed to attack a computer over the Internet.
People seeking Internet anonymity usually have an interest in hiding their IP address from third parties. One can only do this (without loss of Internet use) by connecting through one or more anonymous proxies - special Internet servers that connect to remote hosts (a web site, for example) on behalf of the user. The remote host communicates with the proxy, and receives the proxy's IP address rather than the real user's. The proxy, however, knows the IP address of the user, and sees all data passing between the user and the website; therefore the anonymous proxy has the opportunity for abuse of the user's privacy, whether intentional or accidental. Onion routing offers one method of addressing this problem; as used in such systems as Tor, I2P and Freenet.
] ISPs
Consumers obtain Internet access through an Internet Service Provider (ISP). All Internet data to and from the consumer must pass through the consumer's ISP. Given this, any ISP has the capability of observing anything and everything about the consumer's (unencrypted) Internet activities; however, ISPs presumably do not do this (or at least not fully) due to legal, ethical, business, and technical considerations.
ISPs do, however, collect at least some information about the consumers using their services. From a privacy standpoint, the ideal ISP would collect only as much information as it requires in order to provide Internet connectivity (IP address, billing information if applicable, etc). A common belief exists that most ISPs collect additional information, such as aggregate browsing habits or even personally-identifiable URL histories.
What information an ISP collects, what it does with that information, and whether it informs its consumers, can pose significant privacy issues. Beyond usages of collected information typical of third parties, ISPs sometimes state that they will make their information available to government authorities upon request. Often, such a request need not involve a warrant.
An ISP cannot know the contents of properly-encrypted data passing between its consumers and the Internet. For encrypting web traffic, https has become the most popular and best-supported standard. Note however, that even if users encrypt the data, the ISP still knows the IP addresses of the sender and of the recipient. (However, see the IP addresses section for workarounds.)
Data logging
Many programs and operating systems are set up to perform data logging of usage. This may include recording times when the computer is in use, or which web sites are visited. If a third party sufficient access to the computer, legitimately or not, this may be used to lessen the user's privacy. This could be avoided by disabling logging, or clearing logs regularly.
Internet privacy forms a subset of computer privacy. Experts in the field of Internet privacy have a consensus that Internet privacy does not really exist. Privacy advocates believe that it should exist.
Risks to Internet privacy
Those concerned about Internet privacy often cite a number of privacy risks — events that can compromise privacy — which one may encounter through Internet use. Unfortunately, given the complexity of Internet privacy, many people do not understand the issues. Therefore this section covers not only "real" privacy risks, but also risks perceived as overemphasized.
Cookies
See main article, HTTP cookie
Cookies have become perhaps the most widely-recognized privacy risk, receiving a great deal of attention. Although HTML-writers most commonly use cookies for legitimate, desirable purposes, cases of abuse can and do occur.
An HTTP cookie consists of a piece of information stored on a user's computer to add statefulness to web-browsing. Systems do not generally make the user explicitly aware of the storing of a cookie. (Although some users object to that, it does not properly relate to Internet privacy, although it does have implications for computer privacy, and specifically for computer forensics).
The original developers of cookies intended that only the website that originally sent them would retrieve them, therefore giving back only data already possessed by the website. However, in actual practice programmers can circumvent this intended restriction. Possible consequences include:
the possible placing of a personally-identifiable tag in a browser to facilitate web profiling (see below), or,
possible use in some circumstances of cross-site scripting or of other techniques to steal information from a user's cookies.
Many users choose to disable cookies in their web browsers. This eliminates the potential privacy risks, but may severely limit or prevent the functionality of many websites. All significant web browsers have this disabling ability built-in, with no external program required. As an alternative, users may frequently delete any stored cookies. Some browsers (for example, Mozilla Firefox) have an option to have the system clear cookies automatically whenever the user closes the browser. A third option involves allowing cookies in general, but preventing their abuse. There are also a host of wrapper application that will redirect cookies and cache data to some other location. The Private Internet Browsing feature found in the CryptoStick Software Suite redirects all Internet Explorer information to a USB flash memory device. This prevents the storing of browsing information on the actual computer: the information goes off-system when the user removes the USB flash memory device from the computer.
Browsing profiles
The process of profiling (also known as "tracking") assembles and analyses several events, each attributable to a single originating entity, in order to gain information (especially patterns of activity) relating to the originating entity. On the Internet, certain organizations employ profiling of people's web browsing, collecting the URLs of sites visited. The resulting profiles may or may not link with information that personally identifies the people who did the browsing.
Some web-oriented marketing-research organizations may use this practice legitimately, for example: in order to construct profiles of 'typical Internet users'. Such profiles, which describe average trends of large groups of Internet users rather than of actual individuals, can then prove useful for market analysis. Although the aggregate data does not constitute a privacy violation, some people believe that the initial profiling does.
Profiling becomes a more contentious privacy issue, on the other hand, when data-matching associates the profile of an individual with personally-identifiable information of the individual.
Governments and organizations may set up honeypot websites - featuring controversial topics - with the purpose of attracting and tracking unwary people. This constitutes a potential danger for individuals.
IP addresses
Every device on the Internet (including each online computer) has an IP address, an identifying numeric code used to route data. The Internet Service Provider (ISP) through which the device connects may assign this address semi-permanently (for example, for the duration of the lifetime of an account) or temporarily (many dial-up connections, for example, get assigned new IP addresses each time they connect).
Every packet (piece of data) moving through the Internet gets tagged with the IP addresses of its source and of its intended destination. The proper working of the Internet depends on such routing information. Consequently, any direct connection between two devices on the Internet (such as when a personal computer reads a website) reveals both IP addresses to both parties.
An IP address sometimes becomes a personally-identifiable datum, and therefore potentially subject to privacy concerns. An IP address identifies its user's ISP, and often identifies its user's (or the ISP's) nation, region/province/state, and sometimes even city. The amount of information deducible from an IP address depends on the ISP's policies. See also: DNS, whois.
Any web site can track the movements of users through its pages by their IP addresses. This can serve for profiling within a single site.
An IP address provides the minimum amount of information needed to attack a computer over the Internet.
People seeking Internet anonymity usually have an interest in hiding their IP address from third parties. One can only do this (without loss of Internet use) by connecting through one or more anonymous proxies - special Internet servers that connect to remote hosts (a web site, for example) on behalf of the user. The remote host communicates with the proxy, and receives the proxy's IP address rather than the real user's. The proxy, however, knows the IP address of the user, and sees all data passing between the user and the website; therefore the anonymous proxy has the opportunity for abuse of the user's privacy, whether intentional or accidental. Onion routing offers one method of addressing this problem; as used in such systems as Tor, I2P and Freenet.
] ISPs
Consumers obtain Internet access through an Internet Service Provider (ISP). All Internet data to and from the consumer must pass through the consumer's ISP. Given this, any ISP has the capability of observing anything and everything about the consumer's (unencrypted) Internet activities; however, ISPs presumably do not do this (or at least not fully) due to legal, ethical, business, and technical considerations.
ISPs do, however, collect at least some information about the consumers using their services. From a privacy standpoint, the ideal ISP would collect only as much information as it requires in order to provide Internet connectivity (IP address, billing information if applicable, etc). A common belief exists that most ISPs collect additional information, such as aggregate browsing habits or even personally-identifiable URL histories.
What information an ISP collects, what it does with that information, and whether it informs its consumers, can pose significant privacy issues. Beyond usages of collected information typical of third parties, ISPs sometimes state that they will make their information available to government authorities upon request. Often, such a request need not involve a warrant.
An ISP cannot know the contents of properly-encrypted data passing between its consumers and the Internet. For encrypting web traffic, https has become the most popular and best-supported standard. Note however, that even if users encrypt the data, the ISP still knows the IP addresses of the sender and of the recipient. (However, see the IP addresses section for workarounds.)
Data logging
Many programs and operating systems are set up to perform data logging of usage. This may include recording times when the computer is in use, or which web sites are visited. If a third party sufficient access to the computer, legitimately or not, this may be used to lessen the user's privacy. This could be avoided by disabling logging, or clearing logs regularly.
Monday, November 06, 2006
Credit Card
A credit card system is a type of retail transaction settlement and credit system, named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. A credit card is different from a debit card in that it does not remove money from the users' account after every transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuer lends money to the consumer (or the user). It is also different from a charge card (though this name is sometimes used by the public to describe credit cards), which requires the balance to be paid in full each month. In contrast, a credit card allows the consumer to 'revolve' their balance, at the cost of having interest charged. Most credit cards are the same shape and size, as specified by the ISO 7810 standard.
Features
As well as convenient, accessible credit, the cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary both for monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes. They have now spread worldwide, and are offered in a huge variety of permutations with differing credit limits, repayment arrangements such as automatic payment from a personal bank account (some cards offer interest-free periods, while others do not but compensate with much lower interest rates), and other perks (such as rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or credit card cash back).
Some countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and France limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable due to fraudulent transactions as a result of a consumer's credit card being lost or stolen.
Features
As well as convenient, accessible credit, the cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses, which is necessary both for monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work-related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes. They have now spread worldwide, and are offered in a huge variety of permutations with differing credit limits, repayment arrangements such as automatic payment from a personal bank account (some cards offer interest-free periods, while others do not but compensate with much lower interest rates), and other perks (such as rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or credit card cash back).
Some countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and France limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable due to fraudulent transactions as a result of a consumer's credit card being lost or stolen.
Sunday, November 05, 2006
microprocessor
A silicon that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
· Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
· bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
· clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.
In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer).
See the Microprocessor Comparison Chart page in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia for a comparison of microprocessors.
Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors:
· Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.
· bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.
· clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.
In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.
In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer).
See the Microprocessor Comparison Chart page in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia for a comparison of microprocessors.
Tuesday, October 31, 2006
INTEL core 2 duo
Core 2 is an eighth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor produced by Intel based on an all-new CPU architecture called the Intel Core microarchitecture, which is the successor of Net Burst micro architecture that has powered most Intel processors since 2000. Core 2 also marks the retirement of Intel's Pentium brand name that has been used from 1993 and the reunion of Intel's notebook and desktop product lines since Pentium M was released apart from Pentium 4 in 2003.
The first wave of Core 2 processors was officially released on July 27, 2006. Like the Intel Core brand that it supersedes, Core 2 offers Duo (dual-core) and Solo (single-core) model names, then adds Extreme (high-end) models, and a confirmed Quad (quad-core) model is on the way. The base processors are codenamed "
Unlike NetBurst-based processors, such as the Pentium 4 and Pentium D, Core 2 does not stress designs based on extremely high clock speeds but rather improvements on other CPU features, including cache efficiency and number of cores. The power consumption of these processors is much lower than the Pentium desktop line of products. With a TDP of only 65 W, Core 2 has a significantly lower power consumption compared to its predecessor desktop chip the (Intel code named processor known as) Prescott's with a TDP of 130 W.
Intel Core 2 processors feature EM64T, Virtualization Technology, Execute Disable Bit, and SSSE3. The release also introduced LaGrande Technology, Enhanced Speed Step Technology, and Active Management Technology (iAMT2).
Saturday, October 28, 2006
merchant account
A merchant account allows a business to accept credit cards, debit cards, gift cards and other forms of electronic payment. This is also widely known as payment processing or credit card processing.
Merchants, or business owners who receive payment for their goods or services, must apply for a merchant account. The merchant account may or may not be established based on several factors of which risk is the most important. Merchants who own businesses with poor or no credit may find it difficult to establish a merchant account.
Rates and fees
Merchant accounts are not free and fees are charged whenever a merchant processes a credit card for payment. These fees vary amongst providers but all fees are based on something called Interchange. Interchange are the base rates dictated by Visa and MasterCard from which all merchant account providers mark up their rates.
Interchange is made up of varying tiers. These tiers describe costs for different kinds of credit cards when processed under different kinds of circumstances. For example, a check card costs less than a consumer credit card which costs less than a business card. The method of how a credit card is processed changes which tier of Interchange is applied. For example, a swiped credit card costs less to process than one keyed into a credit card terminal.
The most common rates that affect merchants are mentioned below.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)